DBIA would like to thank the following distinguished writers for their efforts in researching and writing the articles that have made DATELINE the serious, well-regarded publication that it is today. You have consistently and effectively promoted best practices in a broad range of areas. Below is a list, in alphabetical order, of the authors of DATELINE articles since it became a journal in July 2004. Thank you!
DATELINE is regularly looking for good stories. Please review the Editorial Calendar (p. 19) and consider submitting an article.
In response to requests for reprints of specific articles, we are making individual articles available as either single or multiple print PDFs. Details are at the end of this list.
Adams, Harold, FAIA, RIBA, JIA, DBIA, RTKL Associates, Inc., and RTKL International Ltd., Chairman’s Message
“Cause for Optimism,” January 2005
“Repairing our Infrastructure,” February 2005
“Quality and Design-Build,” March 2005
“Some Daunting Challenges,” April 2005
Ainsworth, Bruce A., P.E., DBIA, Black & Veatch, with McCarthy, Daniel W., Feature Story, “Surfing the Design-Build Environment — Balancing Multiple Expectations in the Water Sector,” February 2005
Alsamsam, Ed, Portland Cement Association, with Kerkhoff, Beatrix, and Farny, Jamie, Feature Story, “High-Performance Concretes: Creative Applications, New Opportunities,” January 2005
Aragon, Patrick, Adobe Systems Incorporated, Editorial Forum, “Boosting Design-Build Benefits with Efficient Collaboration,” June 2005
Arana, Dan, P.E., Dick Pacific Corporation, with Arrington, Lynn, R.A., Porter, William G., P.E, Feature Story, “Design-Build for Corrections: Not Your ‘Everyday Project’,” May 2005
Arrington, Lynn, R.A., Arrington Watkins, with Arana, Dan, P.E., Porter, William G., P.E, Feature Story, “Design-Build for Corrections: Not Your ‘Everyday Project’,” May 2005
Barno, Douglas S., DSB Marketing Group, N.A., with Scott, Simon J., Feature Story, “FRP Composites in Sports and Recreation,” October 2004
Batcheler, Bob, Newforma, with Howell, Ian, Feature Story, “The Purpose-Driven Exchange of Project Information,” June 2005
Beauchamp, Randy, LEED AP, Chinook Systems Inc., with Lenkewich, Wanda, LEED AP, Feature Story, “Quality in Commissioning,” June 2005
Biscotte, Michael N., P.E., Hayes, Seay, Mattern & Mattern, Feature Story, “Design-Build in the Secure Environment,” September 2004
Blake, David A., Esq., Seyfarth Shaw LLP, Legal Briefs, “Significant ADA Developments in 2004,” April 2005
Boring, Delbert F., P.E., American Iron and Steel Institute, Feature Story, “High-Performance Steels Provide Weight and Cost Savings for Design-Build Projects,” January 2005
Busel, John P., American Composites Manufacturer Association, Editorial Forum, “Challenges Faced with Using Innovative High-Performance Materials,” January 2005
Campbell, David R., P.E., DMJM Technology, with Jandura, Kenneth J., AIA, Feature Story, “Designing and Building for Security,” September 2004
Caskey, Donald W., FAIA, Carter & Burgess, with Loyd, Tony, P.E., Feature Story, “Sustainable by Design-Build: Two Key Industry Trends are Shaping the Future of our Built Environment,” July-August 2004
Ceton, Greg, CSI, Feature Story, “Using MasterFormat 2004 Edition™ to Specify Facilities Data and Communications Infrastructure,” March 2005
Cordes, Stephen E., DBIA, , “Message from Water Committee Chairman,”
February 2005
Crawford, David S., P.E., DBIA, Sundt Construction, Inc., Chairman’s Message
“Enhancing our Skills,” July-August 2004
“Coping with our Brave New World,” September 2004
“We Still Have Much Work to Do,” October 2004
“Collaboration is the Key,” November 2004
“Making Significant Inroads,” December 2004
Crumrine, Dave, Interstates Construction Services, Feature Story, “How to Overcome the Paradox of ‘Subcontracting’ an Integrated Project,” December 2004
Dalbec, Steven G., Joseph J. Henderson & Son, Inc., with Doyle, Kip, P.E., Summers, Joe, P.E., Thompson, Leandra, DBIA, Editorial Forum, “Pocket Power Plants and Design-Build,” March 2005
Dean, William H., M.C. Dean, Inc.
Editorial Forum, “Performance-Driven Design-Build Delivery and Our Security Challenges,” September 2004
Cover Story, “Design-Build Leading the Way to a New Era of Productivity Gains,” March 2005
Doe, Thomas A., P.E., Maine Department of Transportation, with Rohleder, W. Jay, Jr., P.E., S.E., Feature Story, “A Tale of Two Design-Build Bridges in Maine,” April 2005
Doherty, Paul, AIA, General Land Corporation, Feature Story, “Design-Build Technology: From Generation Lost to Generation Found,” June 2005
Downs, Betsy, OWP/P, Editorial Forum, “A/E Risk and Reward: Challenges in Leading a Design-Build Project,” November 2004
Doyle, Kip, P.E., Industrial Technology Group, with Dalbec, Steven G., Summers, Joe, P.E., Thompson, Leandra, DBIA, Editorial Forum, “Pocket Power Plants and Design-Build,” March 2005
Dwyer, Charles, P.E., South Carolina Department of Transportation, Cover Story, “America’s Largest Cable-Stayed Bridge,” April 2005
El-Hage, Maroun, P.E., Jacobs, with Klepac, John E., P.E., and Fredrickson, Ken, P.E., CCM, DBIA, Feature Story, “Site Development and Remediation: Working under Severe Time Constraints,” October 2004
El Wardani, Marwa A., Pennsylvania State University, with Horman, Michael J., Ph.D., Messner, John I., Ph.D., FIS Feature Story, “Comparing Design-Build Procurement Methods,” April 2005
Engdahl, David, AIA, DBIA, The Haskell Company, with Simons, Lance G., Speaking of Safety
“Elements of a Safety Program,” October 2004
“Implementing a Superior Safety Program,” November 2004
“Code of Safety Practices,” December 2004
“Working with OSHA,” January 2005
“Designing for Safety — We’re All Responsible,” February 2005
“Anticipating the Worst,” March 2005
Evey, Walker Lee, Design-Build Institute of America, President’s Message
“Some Preliminary Observations,” July-August 2004
“Moving Forward,” September 2004
“New Opportunities, New Services,” October 2004
“A Plentiful Table,” November 2004
“Exceeding Expectations,” December 2004
“On Becoming More Effective Design-Builders,” January 2005
“Limitations,” February 2005
“Design-Build, Quality, and Outsourcing,” March 2005
“Deeper Penetration of the Marketplace,” April 2005
Fahmy, Sami, Ph.D., P.Eng., PMP, Public Works and Government Services Canada, Feature Story, “Comparative Analysis of Expected and Actual Performance of Public Design-Build Projects,” March 2005
Farny, Jamie, Portland Cement Association, with Alsamsam, Ed, Ph.D., P.E., S.E., LEED AP, and Kerkhoff, Beatrix, Feature Story, “High-Performance Concretes: Creative Applications, New Opportunities,” January 2005
Ferreira, Prisila, Safety and Administrative Services, City of Peoria (AZ), with Hedlund, Eric H., Flynn, Bill, Teller, Stefanie B., Willcox, Kent, Feature Story, “Fast-Growing Arizona City Finds Design-Build a Perfect Solution for its Public Safety Complex,” May 2005
Fledderman, Victoria, Alberici Constructors, with Oberlies, Donald C., P.E., Feature Story, “Integrating Design and Construction of the Building and the Process in Manufacturing Projects,” December 2004
Flynn, Bill, Sundt Construction, with Ferreira, Prisila, Hedlund, Eric H., Teller, Stefanie B., Willcox, Kent, Feature Story, “Fast-Growing Arizona City Finds Design-Build a Perfect Solution for its Public Safety Complex,” May 2005
Fredrickson, Ken, P.E., CCM, DBIA, Jacobs Civil, Inc.
with Klepac, John E., and El-Hage, Maroun, P.E., Feature Story, “Site Development and Remediation: Working under Severe Time Constraints,” October 2004
Editorial Forum, “Getting it Right — Contracts and Design-Build,” February 2005
Gaylor, John C., Gaylor Group, Inc., with Longfellow, Randall L., Feature Story, “Electrical Contractor Engineering Design Services and Construction Processes Integration,” March 2005
Gidez, Greg, AIA, Fentress Bradburn Architects, Cover Story, “Design-Build Meets Design for Excellence,” May 2005
Gladson, Rebekah G., AIA, AUA, University of California, Irvine, Board Reflections, “Fundamental Change is Not Easy,” June 2005
Gransberg, Douglas D., Ph.D., P.E., DBIA, University of Oklahoma, with Molenaar, Keith R., Ph.D., DBIA, FIS Feature Story, “Life Cycle Evaluation Criteria for Design-Build Transportation Projects,” March 2005
Grauer, Steve, Hensel Phelps Construction Company, with Jim Mueller, Feature Story, “The Unfinished Revolution,” May 2005
Groff, David C., Esq., Groff Murphy Trachtenberg & Everard PLLC, with Parkinson, Robynn Thaxton, Esq., DBIA, Legal Briefs, “There is No ‘I’ in Team, but There is a ‘U’ in Lawsuit: Enforceability Issues in Teaming Agreements,” June 2005
Gunderson, Nancy, Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, with Hoag, Diana, CPCM, Feature Story, “Contract Incentives and Design-Build: Rethinking Acquisition Strategies,” February 2005
Halkias, George, Astorino, Editorial Forum, “Design-Build and Sustainability,” July-August 2004
Halliday, John S., St. Paul Travelers Bond, Cover Story, “Managing Contractual Risk,” November 2004
Harter, Tom, DBIA, Kiewit Corporation, with Tardy, Randy, P.E., Feature Story, “Electronic Document Management Systems (DCMS): The Hub of Design-Build Practice,” June 2005
Haskell, Preston H., P.E., DBIA, The Haskell Company, Feature Story, “Construction Industry Productivity: Its History and Future Direction,” June 2005
Hays, Ken, Masonry Arts, Inc., Cover Story, “Protection at Any Price? A Discussion About Blast Resistant Windows,” September 2004
Hays, R. Terry, CVS, Value Management Strategies, Inc., Feature Story, “Value Engineering on Transportation Projects,” April 2005
Hedlund, Eric H., Sundt Construction, with Ferreira, Prisila, Flynn, Bill, Teller, Stefanie B., Willcox, Kent, Feature Story, “Fast-Growing Arizona City Finds Design-Build a Perfect Solution for its Public Safety Complex,” May 2005
Hoag, Diana, CPCM, Xcelsi Group LLC, with Gunderson, Nancy, Feature Story, “Contract Incentives and Design-Build: Rethinking Acquisition Strategies,” February 2005
Horman, Michael J., Pennsylvania State University
with Riley, David R., Feature Story, “Design-Build as a Key Enabler of Sustainable Construction and LEED® Projects,” July-August 2004
with El Wardani, Marwa A., and Messner, John I., Ph.D., FIS Feature Story, “Comparing Design-Build Procurement Methods,” April 2005
Howell, Ian, Newforma, with Batcheler, Bob, Feature Story, “The Purpose-Driven Exchange of Project Information,” June 2005
Jackson, Barbara, J., Ph.D., DBIA, FIS Feature Story, “Design-Build Education at Associated Schools of Construction Undergraduate Programs,” January 2005
Jandura, Kenneth J., AIA, DMJM Design, with Campbell, David R., P.E., Feature Story, “Designing and Building for Security,” September 2004
Jun, Joseph, American Institute of Steel Construction, Feature Story, “Innovation in Steel: Meeting the Design Imperatives of the 21st Century,” January 2005
Kerkhoff, Beatrix, Portland Cement Assocation, with Alsamsam, Ed, Ph.D., P.E., S.E., LEED AP, and Farny, Jamie, Feature Story, “High-Performance Concretes: Creative Applications, New Opportunities,” January 2005
Kessler, Fredric W., Esq., Nossaman Guthner Knox & Elliott, LLP, with Ryan, Christine D., Esq., Feature Story, “Managing Contractual Risk: The Project Owner’s Perspective,” April 2005
Khoury, Oscar A., City of San Diego Water Department, “Message from Water and Wastewater Owners’ Council Chairman,” February 2005
Kissell, J. Randolph, P.E., TGB Partnership, with Skillingberg, Michael H., Feature Story, “Build it Out of Aluminum?” January 2005
Klein, Patrick E., DBIA, PCL Construction Services, Inc., Board Reflections, “Awards and Values,” May 2005
Klepac, John E., P.E., Jacobs, with El-Hage, Maroun, P.E., Fredrickson, Ken, P.E., CCM, DBIA, Feature Story, “Site Development and Remediation: Working under Severe Time Constraints,” October 2004
Knapp, Stephen, with Ridgeway, Jon, Feature Story, “Is Soil Reinforcement a Strategy for the Ages?” January 2005
Kohan, Gary G., Construction Bonding Agency, with Youngblut, Michael A., Feature Story, “The Design-Builder: Joint Venture or Teaming Relationship,” November 2004
Konchar, Mark, Ph.D., LEED, DBIA, Centex Construction Company, with Thompson, Wendy, P.E., and Riegel, Don, P.E., Feature Story, “Sustainable Design and Construction: Everyone Has a Role,” July-August 2004
Lenkewich, Wanda, LEED AP, Chinook Systems Inc., with Beauchamp, Randy, LEED AP, Feature Story, “Quality in Commissioning,” June 2005
Lobo, Neale, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Editorial Forum, “Five Roadblocks to Using Design-Build in the Pharmaceutical Industry,” December 2004
Longfellow, Randall, L., Gaylor Group, Inc., with Gaylor, John C., Feature Story, “Electrical Contractor Engineering Design Services and Construction Processes Integration,” March 2005
Loulakis, Michael, Esq., DBIA, Wickwire Gavin, Legal Briefs
“Performance Testing — Matching the EPC Contract to Expectations,” March 2005
“Ambiguities in the RFP Documents — A Correctional Facility Agency’s Risk,” May 2005
Loyd, Tony, P.E., Carter & Burgess, with Caskey, Donald W., FAIA, Feature Story, “Sustainable by Design-Build: Two Key Industry Trends are Shaping the Future of our built Environment,” July-August 2004
Mahoney, David, P.E., Dewberry, Feature Story, “Virginia Route 28 Improvements Turnkey Project Speeds Delivery,” April 2005
Mazzetti, William P., Jr., P.E., Rosendin Electric, Feature Story, “The Keys to Success for Mission-Critical Projects,” June 2005
McCarthy, Daniel W., P.E., Black & Veatch, with Bruce A. Ainsworth, P.E., DBIA, Feature Story, “Surfing the Design-Build Environment — Balancing Multiple Expectations in the Water Sector,” February 2005
McDole, Matthew M., P.E., E-470 Public Highway Authority, From the Transportation Owners’ Council Chair, “Join the Transportation Owners’ Council,” April 2005
McIntyre, Marla, Surety Information Office, Feature Story, “Bonding Design-Build: The Surety Perspective,” November 2004
Messner, John I., Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University, with El Wardani, Marwa A., Horman, Michael J., Ph.D., FIS Feature Story, “Comparing Design-Build Procurement Methods,” April 2005
Molenaar, Keith R., Ph.D., DBIA, University of Colorado at Boulder
FIS Feature Story, “Educational Needs Assessment for Design-Build Project Delivery,” February 2005
with Gransberg, Douglas D., Ph.D., P.E., DBIA, FIS Feature Story, “Life Cycle Evaluation Criteria for Design-Build Transportation Projects,” March 2005
Mueller, Jim, Kaplan McLaughlin Diaz, with Grauer, Steve M., Feature Story, “The Unfinished Revolution,” May 2005
Murray, Andrea, AIA, NCARB, LEED AP, Bread Loaf Corporation
Cover Story, “If You Design and Build It, They Will Come,” October 2004
Feature Story, “Small Town Justice — Focus on Local Police Facilities,” May 2005
Nichols, Ron, CRB Builders, LLC, Cover Story, “Design-Build Delivers Biotech Facilities,” December 2004
Oberlies, Donald C., P.E., Alberici Constructors, with Fleddermann, Victoria, Feature Story, “Integrating Design and Construction of the Building and the Process in Manufacturing Projects,” December 2004
Parkinson, Robynn Thaxton, Esq., DBIA, Groff Murphy Trachtenberg & Everard PLLC, with Groff, David C., Esq., Legal Briefs, “There is No ‘I’ in Team, but There is a ‘U’ in Lawsuit: Enforceability Issues in Teaming Agreements,” June 2005
Pohlman, Dr. Teresa R., Pentagon Renovation and Construction Program Office, Feature Story, “Making Sustainability Relevant for Construction Projects: Processes and Tools at the Pentagon Renovation and Construction Office,” July-August 2004
Porter, William G., P.E., Hayes, Seay, Mattern & Mattern, Inc., with Arana, Dan, P.E., Arrington, Lynn, R.A., Feature Story, “Design-Build for Corrections: Not Your ‘Everyday Project’,” May 2005
Pulaski, Michael H., Pennsylvania State University, Feature Story, “Methods to Enhance Project Sustainability: Turning to Constructability,” July-August 2004
Quatman, G. William, DBIA, Esq., Shugart, Thompson & Kilroy, P.C., Legislative Update, “2004 Sets Record for Design-Build Legislation,” October 2004
Retherford, Nick, Design and Engineering Division, U.S. Department of State, Feature Story, “New Focus on Building U.S. Embassies Worldwide,” September 2004
Ridgeway, Jon, Tensar Earth Technologies, Inc., with Knapp, Steven, Feature Story, “Is Soil Reinforcement a Strategy for the Ages?” January 2005
Riegel, Don, P.E., Centex Construction Company, with Thompson, Wendy, P.E., and Konchar, Mark, Ph.D., LEED, DBIA, Feature Story, “Sustainable Design and Construction: Everyone Has a Role,” July-August 2004
Riley, David R., Pennsylvania State University, with Horman, Michael J., Feature Story, “Design-Build as a Key Enabler of Sustainable Construction and LEED® Projects,” July-August 2004
Rittenhouse, Tod, Weidlinger Associates Consulting Engineers, with Smilowitz, Robert, Feature Story, “Building Protection on Main Street, USA — How the Construction Industry Saves Lives,” September 2004
Rohleder, W. Jay, Jr., P.E., S.E., FIGG, with Doe, Thomas A., P.E., Feature Story, “A Tale of Two Design-Build Bridges in Maine,” April 2005
Rundell, Rick, AIA, Autodesk, Inc., with Stowe, Ken, P.E., Feature Story, “Building Information Modeling and Integrated Project Delivery — Design-Build Synergy in Action,” June 2005
Ryan, Christine E., Esq., Nossaman Guthner Knox & Elliott, LLP, with Kessler, Fredric W., Esq., Feature Story, “Managing Contractual Risk: The Project Owner’s Perspective,” April 2005
Scancella, Robert J., P.E., DBIA, SITE-Blauvelt Engineers, Inc., Greetings from the Transportation Committee Chairman, “Welcome to the Transportation Conference!” April 2005
Scott, Simon J., Scott Consulting Services, Inc., with Barno, Douglas S., Feature Story, “FRP Composites in Sports and Recreation,” October 2004
Shambaugh, Mark P., P.E., DBIA, Shambaugh & Son, L.P., Feature Story, “How to Procure a Design-Builder for Process Work … and Know What You Are Getting,” December 2004
Shea, Andrew L., Poseidon Resources Corporation, with Voutchkov, Nikolay, Cover Story, “Large-Scale Seawater Desalination and Alternative Project Delivery,” February 2005
Shelton, David M., DesignSense Incorporated, Editorial Forum, “Does Design-Build Delivery Work for All Types of Projects?” October 2004
Signore, Andrew A., P.E., DBIA, Integrated Project Services, Feature Story, “Design-Build: Helping Pharma Deliver Affordable Innovation,” December 2004
Simons, Lance G., The Haskell Company, with Engdahl, David L., AIA, DBIA, Speaking of Safety
“Elements of a Safety Program,” October 2004
“Implementing a Superior Safety Program,” November 2004
“Code of Safety Practices,” December 2004
“Working with OSHA,” January 2005
“Designing for Safety — We’re All Responsible,” February 2005
“Anticipating the Worst,” March 2005
Skillingberg, Michael H., Aluminum Association, with Kissell, Randy, P.E., Feature Story, “Build it Out of Aluminum?” January 2005
Smilowitz, Robert, Weidlinger Associates Consulting Engineers, with Rittenhouse, Tod, Feature Story, “Building Protection on Main Street, USA — How the Construction Industry Saves Lives,” September 2004
Smith, Steven C., CCM, AIA, Construction Excellence and Project Management Division, U.S. General Services Administration, Feature Story, “Juggling the Demands of Security with Design and Construction Excellence in Public Facilities,” September 2004
Stowe, Ken, P.E., Autodesk, Inc., with Rundell, Rick, AIA, Feature Story, “Building Information Modeling and Integrated Project Delivery – Design-Build Synergy in Action,” June 2005
Stroud, Dennis, Spitfire Management, LLC, with Taffler, Jon, Feature Story, “Integrated Web-based Collaboration in Design-Build,” June 2005
Summers, Joe, P.E., HWS Energy Partners, LLC, with Dalbec, Steven G., Doyle, Kip, P.E., Thompson, Leandra, DBIA, Editorial Forum, “Pocket Power Plants and Design-Build,” March 2005
Taffler, Jon, Spitfire Management, LLC, with Stroud, Dennis, Feature Story, “Integrated Web-based Collaboration in Design-Build,” June 2005
Tardy, Randy, P.E., Bentley Systems Inc., with Harter, Tom, DBIA, Feature Story, “Electronic Document Management Systems (DCMS): The Hub of Design-Build Practice,” June 2005
Teller, Stefanie, with Ferreira, Prisila, Hedlund, Eric H., Flynn, Bill, Willcox, Kent, Feature Story, “Fast-Growing Arizona City Finds Design-Build a Perfect Solution for its Public Safety Complex,” May 2005
Tellier, Brian, AIC, CPC, The Haskell Company, Feature Story, “Design-Build Trends in Sports Facilities,” October 2004
Thompson, Don, Ph.D., P.E., CDM, with Tunnicliffe, Peter, P.E., DEE, DBIA, Feature Story, “The Rapidly Advancing World of Membranes and the Design-Builder,” February 2005
Thompson, Leandra, DBIA, with Dalbec, Steven G., Doyle, Kip, P.E., Summers, Joe, P.E., Editorial Forum, “Pocket Power Plants and Design-Build,” March 2005
Thompson, Wendy, P.E., Centex Construction Company, with Konchar, Mark, Ph.D., LEED, DBIA, and Riegel, Don, P.E., Feature Story, “Sustainable Design and Construction: Everyone Has a Role,” July-August 2004
Tunnicliffe, Peter, P.E., DEE, DBIA, CDM, with Thompson, Don, Ph.D., P.E., Feature Story, “The Rapidly Advancing World of Membranes and the Design-Builder,” February 2005
Unger, Craig H., DBIA, Editorial Forum, “The Vortex of Successful Project Delivery — An Owner’s Perspective,” May 2005
U.S. Green Building Council, Cover Story, “A Primer on Green Building,” July-August 2004
Voutchkov, Nikolay, Poseidon Resources Corporation, with Shea, Andrew L., Cover Story, “Large-Scale Seawater Desalination and Alternative Project Delivery,” February 2005
Vrolijk, Jacobus P., Zurich Financial Services, Feature Story, “Insurance Challenges in ‘Commercial’ Residential Construction,” November 2004
Waggoner, Tom, 360 Architecture, Feature Story, “A Sporting Spirit for Design-Build,” October 2004
Wakefield, Bill, DBIA, Wakefield Consulting, Feature Story, “Making Design-Build Work Well for Process Facilities,” December 2004
Willcox, Kent, SmithGroup, with Ferreira, Prisila, Flynn, Bill, Hedlund, Eric H., Teller, Stefanie B., Feature Story, “Fast-Growing Arizona City Finds Design-Build a Perfect Solution for its Public Safety Complex,” May 2005
Williamson, Tom, P.E., APA –— The Engineered Wood Association, Cover Story, “Glulam Timbers — Designed and Built for Peak Performance,” January 2005
Youngblut, Michael A., Hess Egan Hagerty & L’Hommedieu, with Kohan, Gary B., Feature Story, “The Design-Builder: Joint Venture or Teaming Relationship,” November 2004
Zeichner, Marcy, XL Insurance, Feature Story, “Bonding Design-Build: The Surety Perspective,” November 2004
The articles listed above are now available as high-resolution PDFs. The files have a limited number of printings allowed. The cost depends on the number of prints you plan to make of each article.